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- $Unique_ID{BRK04200}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Rubella, Congenital}
- $Subject{Rubella Congenital Expanded Rubella Syndrome Congenital Rubella
- Syndrome Congenital German Measles }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1986, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 276:
- Rubella, Congenital
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Congenital Rubella) is not
- the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the
- alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Expanded Rubella Syndrome
- Congenital Rubella Syndrome
- Congenital German Measles
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Congenital Rubella is a syndrome which occurs when a fetus has been
- infected with the Rubella virus while in the uterus. It is primarily
- characterized by abnormalities of the cardiovascular system, the eyes and the
- hearing. Women who contract Rubella during pregnancy have a high risk of
- having a baby with Congenital Rubella.
-
- Symptoms
-
- As many as two thirds of infants with Congenital Rubella will be free of any
- abnormality at birth. The classic Congenital Rubella syndrome has been
- characterized by the combination of heart, eye and hearing defects, although
- infection and damage can occur in almost every organ system. Of the
- abnormalities most likely to be present at birth, cardiovascular defects are
- most common, such as underdevelopment (hypoplasia) of the pulmonary artery
- and the failure of closure of a duct connecting the pulmonary artery and
- aorta (patent ductus arteriosus). Low birth weight, inflammation of the
- bones (osteitis), enlarged liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly), disease of
- the retina (retinopathy), and cataracts of the crystalline lens of the eye
- also occur frequently. Brain infection (encephalitis), an abnormally small
- head (microcephaly), swollen lymph glands (adenopathy), inflammation of the
- lungs (pneumonitis), jaundice, reduced number of blood platelets
- (thrombocytopenia), pinpoint purplish red spots due to bleeding in the skin
- (petechiae) or purpura, and anemia may also occur in babies with Congenital
- Rubella.
-
- Congenital Rubella can be viewed as a chronic infection capable of
- producing progressive damage. Central nervous system abnormalities such as
- hearing loss, mental retardation, behavior problems and slowness in muscular
- development, are the frequent and significant clinical problems.
-
- Most patients who are symptomatic, and many of those who lack signs of
- infection at birth, will develop some degree of hearing loss or psychomotor
- damage during early childhood.
-
- (For more information on Congenital Rubella, see "Rubella" in the
- Prevalent Health Conditions/Concerns section of NORD Services.)
-
- Causes
-
- Congenital Rubella can affect a fetus when a pregnant woman who is not immune
- to the virus contracts Rubella (German Measles). The baby may also be
- affected if the mother contracts Rubella immediately before conception.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Congenital Rubella is found in newborns and infants of mothers who were
- infected with Rubella immediately before or during the early months of
- pregnancy. The frequency of Congenital Rubella thus depends upon the number
- of women of childbearing age who are susceptible to the virus, and the
- frequency of Rubella infection in the community. Before the development of
- Rubella virus vaccine, epidemics of Rubella and Congenital Rubella occurred
- about every 6 to 9 years. During epidemic years Congenital Rubella infection
- was found (using serologic testing to identify nonsymptomatic cases) in as
- many as 2% of newborns; the rate of its presence at other times (the endemic
- rate) is 0.1%. Widespread use of Rubella vaccine in the United States has
- eliminated epidemics, but the endemic rate of congenital infection appears to
- be about the same.
-
- Both the chance of transmission of Rubella to the fetus during pregnancy
- and the consequences of the infection to the unborn baby are related to the
- stage of development of the fetus at the time of maternal infection.
- Maternal infection during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy results in an
- infection rate in the fetus of about 50%. Subsequently the rate of
- transmission drops sharply to less than 10% by the 16th week of pregnancy.
- The proportion of infected fetuses with damage due to Rubella follows a
- similar pattern. With maternal Rubella at 8, 12, 13 to 20, and over 20 weeks
- of pregnancy, 85%, 50%, 15%, and 0% (respectively) of infected live-born
- infants will have Rubella-caused defects at birth or during early childhood.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- There is no treatment for maternal or Congenital Rubella infection.
- Therefore, prevention assumes paramount importance. It is most important to
- immunize all children with the goal of preventing epidemics. Children should
- receive Rubella immunization at 15 months of age, along with mumps and
- measles in a combined vaccine. Many authorities now recommend that a repeat
- Rubella immunization be given to 10-year-olds, because vaccine-induced
- immunity may not persist as long as naturally acquired immunity.
-
- Women of childbearing age who are susceptible to Rubella (a serum test
- can establish the presence of the Rubella-antibody in their blood) should
- also be vaccinated. Care should be taken that they should not conceive for
- at least three months following the vaccination.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March
- 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every
- entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please
- check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current
- information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Congenital Rubella, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-4236
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- RUBELLA; Public Health Education Information Sheet: March of Dimes Birth
- Defects Foundation, 1984.
-
-